Many things have been said, true or false, invoking the consequences of the Yalta Conference. The meeting of February 1945 between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin was often suggested that would be born of a shared world. America and Russia, some believe, would be granted to dominate, respectively, each of the geopolitical sphere bounded by a permanent arrangement.We even went to seek explanations for these alleged agreements of Yalta. Concessions, incredible, unbelievable, reckless, that the Americans would then do the Russians, their delivering the Central and Eastern Europe, and have an accidental Roosevelt, sick, dying, mentally weakened Stalin had abandoned the claim of dream Tsars. A whole literature has elaborated on this theme. Including Conte's book which, in France, about Yaltal authority.When listening to politicians, journalists and even diplomats ramble about Yalta, its consequences, its permanence, we realize that in fact two ideas underlying this discourse- On the one hand, the Americans and Russians share the world as part of imperialist Entente dating back to 1945;- Secondly, the achievements of the Soviet Union after the Second World War (territorial acquisitions and glaze satellites) would be the effect of the naivety of Roosevelt.[...]Diplomats had neither the means nor the desire to go beyond what was agreed in the celestial spheres between the three high personages which they formed the Court. Field of Cloth of Gold Contemporary, the Crimea Conference took place in what look like their Soviet Riviera. The small seaside town of Yalta, under the previous regime of the tsars and boyars, was a highly esteemed resort of the Russian aristocracy. Some falsely Greek-style palace there faced the Black Sea, Euxine of antiquity, to the other side of which is the door still warm seas, Constantinople and the Straits. This site was not indifferent as Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin Djougatchvili-many insisted that held him back. Each shows the splendor in its possession and still believes unveil the most beautiful jewelry in the world.All this made sense only in terms of a kind of grandiloquence, supported by strength toast and other alcoholic strength demonstrations in the way favored by the Russians. Enthusiasm was setting and it was logical to goberger among winners at the health of the European continent which is intended to continue until after the conquest. At the opening of the Conference, the fronts of the East, West and South did not allow, for that matter, under the control of the Greater German Reich, the German territories traditionally, ie say, roughly, Germany, the Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, northern Italy, Croatia, Denmark and the western part of Hungary to Budapest. The global application of democratic principles in all European countries materialize the ideological nature of this global war that some call retrospect, the European civil war.From the general to the particular, the Big Three would agree, at Yalta, on the notion of a dismemberment of Germany's disarmament, demilitarization. This much more about American pressure on that of Stalin. The idea of dividing Germany into five had been advanced by Roosevelt, Churchill had imagined, however, that, in turn, replenish Austria-Hungary enlarged Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg.Instead, Stalin, from May 9, 1945 said its little desire to destroy German unity.[...]One of the keys to the history of our time is the existence concurrently with the proletarian messianism Marx, a messianism own the financial class. In its "World Challenge" 19 Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber popularized a number of theorems. Including that of the extraordinary mathematical power of the exponential function, transforming the world for just a small% is applied for a long time at the same multiplicand.This force percentage is probably dogma symmetrical role assigned by the industrial proletariat Marx. And convincing of all time, the great global capital advisors.The great idea of Roosevelt in 1945 was to ensure the triumph of the agreements signed at Bretton Woods in July 1944 aimed at establishing a world financial order. Agreements were not only due to the great powers since the representatives of 44 nations had accepted. Including the USSR, there will not result in not ratifying what had sent her yet signed.[...]This agreement, the Governor of the Bank of Canada, Louis Rasminsky later wrote: "It happened something very important at Bretton Woods in 1944, that the world has taken knowingly, control System monétairinternational "20.And Robert Solomon points out in his book devoted specifically audit system that "For the first time was born a central monetary institution with global reach, and was made a universal set of rules of conduct monetary policy. This fu the embryo of a global central bank, who lives and day. " 21The event is of considerable significance. Even if it is an appearance of purely technical mechanisms, the creation of a global financial institution character was much more important in the eyes of U.S. officials that the question of annexation by the Russians or the Japanese islands Polish territories, even as the USSR's stranglehold on some small Danubian and Balkan countries.The International Monetary Fund, created for the occasion, and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which will be released December 27, 1945, would, in effect, allow the dollar to become the world's monetary standard. Ie the measure and the end of all things economic point of view. However, as the economy itself was established queen of the arts.There were to arrive at Bretton Woods text a compromise, of course: between the United States of America represented by Harry Dexter White, an economist who became deputy Treasury secretary in 1945, and represented England by the famous Scottish economist John Maynard Keynes that his government had called the Treasury, the Bank of England Monetary and planning. The two men, whose doctrines were not entirely concordant began to work together in 1942.The Statute of the International Monetary Fund, arising from Anglo-American compromise negotiated between the two economists20 cf. Joseph Gold, "The International Monetary Fund" 1945-1965 Vol.21 Robert Solomon: "The international monetary system" Economica1979, p. 1343-44, thus had grandiose ambition, once set temporary problems of the post-war order to establish a global Inonétaire. Parities cambiaires, attached to the IMF had not intended to vary, plus or minus, beyond 1%. The United States designated in the statutes as "the country freely buying and selling gold to settle international transactions" (only America could then do so) were intended to meet the pegs. So that "other countries" would use the dollar to maintain them. Parity adjustments could result only of fundamental imbalances found by the IMF which, moreover, would tend to lend to countries in deficit.Arguably, rightly, that utopian system could not function according to the model. Thus, beyond a period of transition, IMF members pledged to buy gold or currency of the member requesting the conversion, their own currencies circulating in the world. The mechanism that characterizes the current monetary disorder since the 60s was therefore explicitly excluded.The neo-Keynesian economist Austin Robinson wrote about it: "Bretton Woods was the advent of a world in which no country would close more eyes to the impact that their actions could have on neighboring countries" 22.Since the relevant critical Jacques Rueff23, taken by General de Gaulle in a famous press conference, we realized, particularly in France, the negative impact of U.S. monetary policy. The capitalist world is sick of the dollar. And since Reagan's election to the presidency of the USA suffer especially Europeans claim of U.S. interest rates.This only emphasizes more strongly still, nearly 40 years later, the importance of the issues of solidarity Bretton Woods monetary policies that claimed to resolve.[...]Attempt to engage Russia in defining the international monetary order was probably optimistic. It makes sense, however é in Engl American perspective at the time. If one wants to look elsewhere one current problems of global currency, it should be noted:1. three countries are the largest producers naphtha: 1'Amérique, Saudi Arabia and Russia.2. two countries are the largest producers of metal: South Africa and Russia.3. banks that are installed in Europe Soviet q used in the first 501 years of Eurodollar notionSo that the USSR is indeed a central partner as soon as it comes to international dollars of oil trade of gold reserves. The lack of Moscow in the definition of the global financial gold means: either a rigid partitioning into two antagonistic blocs in the world or detention by one communist leaders in the Kremlin a Damocles sword pointed at great capitalist economy.The error of the Anglo-Americans was undoubtedly seek to associate their military ally of concern after the war. But this leads to a terrible question: "why alliances with a State which is not a partner in peace"? It took less than save the appearances of a shared project, and both Brett Woods at Yalta, Stalin strove, by formal nombreus concessions to subscribe to the game of appearances.But soon, the birth of blocks defines a part, economically, by the polarization of IMF members self from the dominant economy of the USA, on the other hand, the PE block is asserted as separatist dissent, compared to Bretton Woods, the USSR did not ratify.The appearance of blocks is defined very clearly by scissio economic and especially financial. We must never lose sight of this fa historical dimension because it illuminates, as a function of increasing indebtedness of Eastern Europe, the evolution of current blocks. This problem determines the monetary and financial policy economy, and this especially in international relatio. It should be noted, for example, the Euro countriesYALTA AND THE BIRTH OF BLOCKSEast, proportionally more debt, is none other than thePoland.An aggravating factor of the cut blocks was polarization monetary Western Europe in the dependency of the USA. England, victorious power, found itself unable to meet its obligations under the Lend-Lease agreement. However, the loan of $ 3.75 billion was only intended to assist the United Kingdom "to deal with the deficit in its balance of current payments during the transition period." Which was authorized by a law that Truman signed July 15, 1946. A year later, July 15, 1947, England restored convertibility of sterling, that Bretton Woods had planned as the second fulcrum of the global financial order. Thus, countries exporting to the UK, exporting raw materials listed in London in sterling countries holding British capital, could participate in multinational trade by adjusting their spending sterling concurrently with the use of dollars. Gold convertibility led to a hemorrhage of such assets of the Bank of England dollar she was suspended from August 20. The British pillar of the financial architecture globalist Bretton Woods collapsed.Vis-à-vis other countries, the United States fell in a systematic policy of injections dollars. Already, 11 September 1945, the Export-Import Bank lent $ 550 million to France, then 650 million June 19, 1946. On 12 March 1947, it is a special assistance of $ 400 million that President Truman asked Congress for its anticommunist policy in Greece and Turkey. And June 5, 1947, Secretary of State Marshall delivered his famous speech at Harvard offering European Reconstruction Plan.It is from there that the system is in contradiction with the ideas of Keynes and White: the failure of the convertibility of sterling following few weeks the Marshall Plan. And it will be rejected by the people's democracies, one after the other, the countries of Western Europe receive $ 4 billion in June 1948. In September 1949, these countries are to devaluations chain, in a range that goes from 12.3% for Belgium30.5% for England. From 25 January 1948, France had abandoned its parity and adopted a multiple exchange rate.We see that the global (as in the political and military) say the blocks in successive stages. July 1, 1950, all beneficiary countries Marsh Plan creates the European Payments Union, which institutionalizes the dependence multilateral against the dollar.From 1952, with the accession of Japan to the International Monetary Fund begins the era of globalism trilateral economic America is at the center of a global capitalist economy that certainly has not yet managed to combine a sustainable Europe East, Russia and China, but includes all other countries.It is also noted that the Western Europe and Japan, whose economies are intertwined BC respectively those communist countries of Europe and Asia, the International Monetary Fund is intended to regulate, to observe, e credit to irrigate the world. Absenteeism countries of central planning becomes more gradually than oddity. Themselves are also very much conditioned by the global role of the dollar.The monetary authority is not a given school. He is the true world power. And if you gaze plunges into the mechanisms of recent events, such as the evolution of the Carnation Revolution in Portugal, the military coup in Turkey, and even the events of December 81 in Poland, found without difficulty, without forcing interpretation, the decisive role of the IMF, consortia of banks and multinational companies. States payers are subject to revolutions, normalizations, the repression of internal order.Since the 20s, there is a tendency in the world to strengthen the political weight of the Ministers of Finance. This trend has produced some relatively exceptional cases. There was a time where Salazar was a universal reference of certain ideological sectors. Since 1945, France gave great powers to its bankers: Antoine Pinay, Georges Pompidou, Giscard d'Estaing Raymond Barre built their political fortunes on the register. Same in Germany Helmut Schmidt, etc ... Examples abound. They largely correspond to the importancefor a head of state or government to inspire confidence among international bankers.Because as foreseen Keynes himself, the IMF plays in fact the role of a bank (though paradoxically the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which persists to appoint World Bank plays it, the role of money ...). Regulation currencies weighs more heavily than credit injections equipment.If one wants to analyze the cold process, it is apparent exactly to wear. The Fund lends to cover deficits, consumption: it becomes the master multilateral anonymous, omnipresent fragile economies. No escape possible for governments to nations that have ceased to please the experts of the International Monetary Fund.Stalin sought to escape Russia and its satellites dependence of such a system is not illogical. In contrast, the Anglo-Americans have imagined being able to smoothly lead to communist governments in gear as binding, that that, in fact, prove their innocence, "Yalta", but also in all the meetings that range from allied 1943 to 1945.The Bretton Woods Project, if universally had triumphed in the period 1945-1955, would have marked the indelible world of the Anglo-Saxon finance, Wall Street and the City. The exception communist countries proves the rule: the triumph was achieved at 90%. This is not so bad.In theory, the International Monetary Fund was only dependent Institutions Special Economic and Social Council of the UNIn reality, the F.M.I. was the first institution created entirely independent of the UN since its direction based on the percentage of the respective country's richest and most powerful in the U.S. with virtually control, with the most Irnportante proportionate share.Ultimately, all organizations in the world after the war, the IMF proves the most important kind, while it does not have the spectacular side of the General Assembly of the UN, or grandiose aspects of FAO,the World Health, UNESCO, UNICEF or U. N.R.R.A. Firmly led by the richest nations controlled by the ten largest industrial powers one of the capitalist world, led to major interstates U.S. multinationals, the IMF leadership Retrou is at the heart of the great problems of individual states.It is in this framework that, that is organized, that is as a rule re watchmaking since 1945 block West even before Stalin's Cominform reconstituât, central nervous Soviet bloc. It should be understood, in fact, q for any nation in difficulty, the notion of fundamental cash loan. The principle of the IMF, especially after establishing the refo Special Drawing Rights, is not able to scrutinize the monetary policies of each state.And if, in their formulation, their problem apparen monetary issues are boring for the public, they don 'are no less critical. Social policy, any nationa military, any industrial policy has a direct, economic, immediate, brutal in monetary terms. Blocked the evolution of currencies is almost able to pass a sieve, censorship IMF the efforts of each nation to develop a powerful army, set up a national industry development or social model independent.Contrary also to popular belief, it is the USA that Bretton Woods insisted that States take in hand control of capital movements. The idea organizer Monetary Fund was therefore lead to a kind of global financial technocrat. In the Western world, besides establishment of the OEEC, now OECD24, reinforce this trend. Standardization will no longer only one results, but on a comparative examination of national policies in detail. While the binding power of expertise, from reports, suggestions Organization is not yet established, however, from the way in Bretton Woods was drawn. Oncomprend nothing to joint U.S. initiatives, and more generally Western, if you do not measure this dimension.[...]no less logical to see the medium adhere to the idea of a rational organization and "just" world.Beyond diagrams, we must look to the forces that implement one. The "Synarchist" - French, German, even Americans - are less important than the real world order. He Synarchy fact. It exceeds, by hypothesis, borders, one state systems, national laws.The British Empire, in the legal sense of the term and territorial disappeared, swallowed up by the huge war effort, bravely doggedly Winston Churchill imposed on his people. But finance English mistress of the great e global trade finance close association with the North American remains intact beyond the difficulties of the pound sterling.The American Empire has established the world has always thwarted in his efforts by the distortions between one large multinational companies and the federal government of the United States. Financiers of Wall Street and the military! Pentagon makes the world order in which America will be "the architect of the very different performances. The client is not really the American people nor the national oligarchy within the meaning of the great dynasties powerful q persist over several generations.Beyond England, beyond America, the colossal weight of the Anglo-Saxon world is essential to both peoples whose u humorist wrote a common language between them. The famous "special relationship" between them are perceived in Europe as a form of dependency of Great Britain vis-à-vis its former colony. In the USA they are sometimes denounced as a result of inverse scheme. Many Americans, especially those who do not belong to the dominant layer "White Anglo Saxon Protestants" denounce maintaining relations with England. Moreover, Roosevelt, in the interviews revealed later by his son Eliott was indignant repeatedly claim to it with its chain of imperialist interests in the world and its tortuous intrigues in Europe.interpretations. We think it was especially true spokesman of a current which exceeds the global.YALTA AND THE BIRTH OF BLOCKSThe Geopolitics of Yalta, the geopolitical development of which is affirmed in UN tended to both reconciliation Anglo-Saxon world to organize and articulation of the five spheres according to the following scheme:1. The American sphere remains militarily more powerful.2. The British sphere, linked to it by a special agreement, weaves space financier maritime-oriented world.3. Eurafrican sphere, politically dependent of the previous two, organizes political or military power without a huge reservoir of economic wealth.4. The Soviet sphere mistress of a space delimited and circumscribed experience developing central planning with the support profitable multinationals.5. Asian sphere counteracts the previous holding constant links with the Anglo-Saxon world.These are almost invariant across the most significant events, takeover by Mao Tse-tung, decolonization, conflict in the Middle East, etc. ... Kriegspiel global data set by the Yalta Conference. From this point of view, it seems foolhardy enough to claim that the Soviet Union became thus the terrible enemy of the peoples of the world, threatening ogre that is portrayed and which Tom Thumb Roosevelt would naively dropped prey considerable.If we add that represent, for example, three countries that immediately after the war made back the American sphere, such as Turkey, Brazil and Argentina, you realize they represent a largely larger and richer economy other than small Danubian and Balkan states in which the Russians began hand. Especially as in most of the Central European states' interests agribusiness companies, oil or industrial American were absolutely insignificant.But if Roosevelt himself never really wanted to countersign this barter merchant straps for which his successor Truman was the obvious choice, it is clear that in its wake the thing was big enough benefit to U.S. interests for not was prepared.
dimanche 21 octobre 2012
yalta bretton wood
Many things have been said, true or false, invoking the consequences of the Yalta Conference. The meeting of February 1945 between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin was often suggested that would be born of a shared world. America and Russia, some believe, would be granted to dominate, respectively, each of the geopolitical sphere bounded by a permanent arrangement.We even went to seek explanations for these alleged agreements of Yalta. Concessions, incredible, unbelievable, reckless, that the Americans would then do the Russians, their delivering the Central and Eastern Europe, and have an accidental Roosevelt, sick, dying, mentally weakened Stalin had abandoned the claim of dream Tsars. A whole literature has elaborated on this theme. Including Conte's book which, in France, about Yaltal authority.When listening to politicians, journalists and even diplomats ramble about Yalta, its consequences, its permanence, we realize that in fact two ideas underlying this discourse- On the one hand, the Americans and Russians share the world as part of imperialist Entente dating back to 1945;- Secondly, the achievements of the Soviet Union after the Second World War (territorial acquisitions and glaze satellites) would be the effect of the naivety of Roosevelt.[...]Diplomats had neither the means nor the desire to go beyond what was agreed in the celestial spheres between the three high personages which they formed the Court. Field of Cloth of Gold Contemporary, the Crimea Conference took place in what look like their Soviet Riviera. The small seaside town of Yalta, under the previous regime of the tsars and boyars, was a highly esteemed resort of the Russian aristocracy. Some falsely Greek-style palace there faced the Black Sea, Euxine of antiquity, to the other side of which is the door still warm seas, Constantinople and the Straits. This site was not indifferent as Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin Djougatchvili-many insisted that held him back. Each shows the splendor in its possession and still believes unveil the most beautiful jewelry in the world.All this made sense only in terms of a kind of grandiloquence, supported by strength toast and other alcoholic strength demonstrations in the way favored by the Russians. Enthusiasm was setting and it was logical to goberger among winners at the health of the European continent which is intended to continue until after the conquest. At the opening of the Conference, the fronts of the East, West and South did not allow, for that matter, under the control of the Greater German Reich, the German territories traditionally, ie say, roughly, Germany, the Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, northern Italy, Croatia, Denmark and the western part of Hungary to Budapest. The global application of democratic principles in all European countries materialize the ideological nature of this global war that some call retrospect, the European civil war.From the general to the particular, the Big Three would agree, at Yalta, on the notion of a dismemberment of Germany's disarmament, demilitarization. This much more about American pressure on that of Stalin. The idea of dividing Germany into five had been advanced by Roosevelt, Churchill had imagined, however, that, in turn, replenish Austria-Hungary enlarged Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg.Instead, Stalin, from May 9, 1945 said its little desire to destroy German unity.[...]One of the keys to the history of our time is the existence concurrently with the proletarian messianism Marx, a messianism own the financial class. In its "World Challenge" 19 Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber popularized a number of theorems. Including that of the extraordinary mathematical power of the exponential function, transforming the world for just a small% is applied for a long time at the same multiplicand.This force percentage is probably dogma symmetrical role assigned by the industrial proletariat Marx. And convincing of all time, the great global capital advisors.The great idea of Roosevelt in 1945 was to ensure the triumph of the agreements signed at Bretton Woods in July 1944 aimed at establishing a world financial order. Agreements were not only due to the great powers since the representatives of 44 nations had accepted. Including the USSR, there will not result in not ratifying what had sent her yet signed.[...]This agreement, the Governor of the Bank of Canada, Louis Rasminsky later wrote: "It happened something very important at Bretton Woods in 1944, that the world has taken knowingly, control System monétairinternational "20.And Robert Solomon points out in his book devoted specifically audit system that "For the first time was born a central monetary institution with global reach, and was made a universal set of rules of conduct monetary policy. This fu the embryo of a global central bank, who lives and day. " 21The event is of considerable significance. Even if it is an appearance of purely technical mechanisms, the creation of a global financial institution character was much more important in the eyes of U.S. officials that the question of annexation by the Russians or the Japanese islands Polish territories, even as the USSR's stranglehold on some small Danubian and Balkan countries.The International Monetary Fund, created for the occasion, and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which will be released December 27, 1945, would, in effect, allow the dollar to become the world's monetary standard. Ie the measure and the end of all things economic point of view. However, as the economy itself was established queen of the arts.There were to arrive at Bretton Woods text a compromise, of course: between the United States of America represented by Harry Dexter White, an economist who became deputy Treasury secretary in 1945, and represented England by the famous Scottish economist John Maynard Keynes that his government had called the Treasury, the Bank of England Monetary and planning. The two men, whose doctrines were not entirely concordant began to work together in 1942.The Statute of the International Monetary Fund, arising from Anglo-American compromise negotiated between the two economists20 cf. Joseph Gold, "The International Monetary Fund" 1945-1965 Vol.21 Robert Solomon: "The international monetary system" Economica1979, p. 1343-44, thus had grandiose ambition, once set temporary problems of the post-war order to establish a global Inonétaire. Parities cambiaires, attached to the IMF had not intended to vary, plus or minus, beyond 1%. The United States designated in the statutes as "the country freely buying and selling gold to settle international transactions" (only America could then do so) were intended to meet the pegs. So that "other countries" would use the dollar to maintain them. Parity adjustments could result only of fundamental imbalances found by the IMF which, moreover, would tend to lend to countries in deficit.Arguably, rightly, that utopian system could not function according to the model. Thus, beyond a period of transition, IMF members pledged to buy gold or currency of the member requesting the conversion, their own currencies circulating in the world. The mechanism that characterizes the current monetary disorder since the 60s was therefore explicitly excluded.The neo-Keynesian economist Austin Robinson wrote about it: "Bretton Woods was the advent of a world in which no country would close more eyes to the impact that their actions could have on neighboring countries" 22.Since the relevant critical Jacques Rueff23, taken by General de Gaulle in a famous press conference, we realized, particularly in France, the negative impact of U.S. monetary policy. The capitalist world is sick of the dollar. And since Reagan's election to the presidency of the USA suffer especially Europeans claim of U.S. interest rates.This only emphasizes more strongly still, nearly 40 years later, the importance of the issues of solidarity Bretton Woods monetary policies that claimed to resolve.[...]Attempt to engage Russia in defining the international monetary order was probably optimistic. It makes sense, however é in Engl American perspective at the time. If one wants to look elsewhere one current problems of global currency, it should be noted:1. three countries are the largest producers naphtha: 1'Amérique, Saudi Arabia and Russia.2. two countries are the largest producers of metal: South Africa and Russia.3. banks that are installed in Europe Soviet q used in the first 501 years of Eurodollar notionSo that the USSR is indeed a central partner as soon as it comes to international dollars of oil trade of gold reserves. The lack of Moscow in the definition of the global financial gold means: either a rigid partitioning into two antagonistic blocs in the world or detention by one communist leaders in the Kremlin a Damocles sword pointed at great capitalist economy.The error of the Anglo-Americans was undoubtedly seek to associate their military ally of concern after the war. But this leads to a terrible question: "why alliances with a State which is not a partner in peace"? It took less than save the appearances of a shared project, and both Brett Woods at Yalta, Stalin strove, by formal nombreus concessions to subscribe to the game of appearances.But soon, the birth of blocks defines a part, economically, by the polarization of IMF members self from the dominant economy of the USA, on the other hand, the PE block is asserted as separatist dissent, compared to Bretton Woods, the USSR did not ratify.The appearance of blocks is defined very clearly by scissio economic and especially financial. We must never lose sight of this fa historical dimension because it illuminates, as a function of increasing indebtedness of Eastern Europe, the evolution of current blocks. This problem determines the monetary and financial policy economy, and this especially in international relatio. It should be noted, for example, the Euro countriesYALTA AND THE BIRTH OF BLOCKSEast, proportionally more debt, is none other than thePoland.An aggravating factor of the cut blocks was polarization monetary Western Europe in the dependency of the USA. England, victorious power, found itself unable to meet its obligations under the Lend-Lease agreement. However, the loan of $ 3.75 billion was only intended to assist the United Kingdom "to deal with the deficit in its balance of current payments during the transition period." Which was authorized by a law that Truman signed July 15, 1946. A year later, July 15, 1947, England restored convertibility of sterling, that Bretton Woods had planned as the second fulcrum of the global financial order. Thus, countries exporting to the UK, exporting raw materials listed in London in sterling countries holding British capital, could participate in multinational trade by adjusting their spending sterling concurrently with the use of dollars. Gold convertibility led to a hemorrhage of such assets of the Bank of England dollar she was suspended from August 20. The British pillar of the financial architecture globalist Bretton Woods collapsed.Vis-à-vis other countries, the United States fell in a systematic policy of injections dollars. Already, 11 September 1945, the Export-Import Bank lent $ 550 million to France, then 650 million June 19, 1946. On 12 March 1947, it is a special assistance of $ 400 million that President Truman asked Congress for its anticommunist policy in Greece and Turkey. And June 5, 1947, Secretary of State Marshall delivered his famous speech at Harvard offering European Reconstruction Plan.It is from there that the system is in contradiction with the ideas of Keynes and White: the failure of the convertibility of sterling following few weeks the Marshall Plan. And it will be rejected by the people's democracies, one after the other, the countries of Western Europe receive $ 4 billion in June 1948. In September 1949, these countries are to devaluations chain, in a range that goes from 12.3% for Belgium30.5% for England. From 25 January 1948, France had abandoned its parity and adopted a multiple exchange rate.We see that the global (as in the political and military) say the blocks in successive stages. July 1, 1950, all beneficiary countries Marsh Plan creates the European Payments Union, which institutionalizes the dependence multilateral against the dollar.From 1952, with the accession of Japan to the International Monetary Fund begins the era of globalism trilateral economic America is at the center of a global capitalist economy that certainly has not yet managed to combine a sustainable Europe East, Russia and China, but includes all other countries.It is also noted that the Western Europe and Japan, whose economies are intertwined BC respectively those communist countries of Europe and Asia, the International Monetary Fund is intended to regulate, to observe, e credit to irrigate the world. Absenteeism countries of central planning becomes more gradually than oddity. Themselves are also very much conditioned by the global role of the dollar.The monetary authority is not a given school. He is the true world power. And if you gaze plunges into the mechanisms of recent events, such as the evolution of the Carnation Revolution in Portugal, the military coup in Turkey, and even the events of December 81 in Poland, found without difficulty, without forcing interpretation, the decisive role of the IMF, consortia of banks and multinational companies. States payers are subject to revolutions, normalizations, the repression of internal order.Since the 20s, there is a tendency in the world to strengthen the political weight of the Ministers of Finance. This trend has produced some relatively exceptional cases. There was a time where Salazar was a universal reference of certain ideological sectors. Since 1945, France gave great powers to its bankers: Antoine Pinay, Georges Pompidou, Giscard d'Estaing Raymond Barre built their political fortunes on the register. Same in Germany Helmut Schmidt, etc ... Examples abound. They largely correspond to the importancefor a head of state or government to inspire confidence among international bankers.Because as foreseen Keynes himself, the IMF plays in fact the role of a bank (though paradoxically the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which persists to appoint World Bank plays it, the role of money ...). Regulation currencies weighs more heavily than credit injections equipment.If one wants to analyze the cold process, it is apparent exactly to wear. The Fund lends to cover deficits, consumption: it becomes the master multilateral anonymous, omnipresent fragile economies. No escape possible for governments to nations that have ceased to please the experts of the International Monetary Fund.Stalin sought to escape Russia and its satellites dependence of such a system is not illogical. In contrast, the Anglo-Americans have imagined being able to smoothly lead to communist governments in gear as binding, that that, in fact, prove their innocence, "Yalta", but also in all the meetings that range from allied 1943 to 1945.The Bretton Woods Project, if universally had triumphed in the period 1945-1955, would have marked the indelible world of the Anglo-Saxon finance, Wall Street and the City. The exception communist countries proves the rule: the triumph was achieved at 90%. This is not so bad.In theory, the International Monetary Fund was only dependent Institutions Special Economic and Social Council of the UNIn reality, the F.M.I. was the first institution created entirely independent of the UN since its direction based on the percentage of the respective country's richest and most powerful in the U.S. with virtually control, with the most Irnportante proportionate share.Ultimately, all organizations in the world after the war, the IMF proves the most important kind, while it does not have the spectacular side of the General Assembly of the UN, or grandiose aspects of FAO,the World Health, UNESCO, UNICEF or U. N.R.R.A. Firmly led by the richest nations controlled by the ten largest industrial powers one of the capitalist world, led to major interstates U.S. multinationals, the IMF leadership Retrou is at the heart of the great problems of individual states.It is in this framework that, that is organized, that is as a rule re watchmaking since 1945 block West even before Stalin's Cominform reconstituât, central nervous Soviet bloc. It should be understood, in fact, q for any nation in difficulty, the notion of fundamental cash loan. The principle of the IMF, especially after establishing the refo Special Drawing Rights, is not able to scrutinize the monetary policies of each state.And if, in their formulation, their problem apparen monetary issues are boring for the public, they don 'are no less critical. Social policy, any nationa military, any industrial policy has a direct, economic, immediate, brutal in monetary terms. Blocked the evolution of currencies is almost able to pass a sieve, censorship IMF the efforts of each nation to develop a powerful army, set up a national industry development or social model independent.Contrary also to popular belief, it is the USA that Bretton Woods insisted that States take in hand control of capital movements. The idea organizer Monetary Fund was therefore lead to a kind of global financial technocrat. In the Western world, besides establishment of the OEEC, now OECD24, reinforce this trend. Standardization will no longer only one results, but on a comparative examination of national policies in detail. While the binding power of expertise, from reports, suggestions Organization is not yet established, however, from the way in Bretton Woods was drawn. Oncomprend nothing to joint U.S. initiatives, and more generally Western, if you do not measure this dimension.[...]no less logical to see the medium adhere to the idea of a rational organization and "just" world.Beyond diagrams, we must look to the forces that implement one. The "Synarchist" - French, German, even Americans - are less important than the real world order. He Synarchy fact. It exceeds, by hypothesis, borders, one state systems, national laws.The British Empire, in the legal sense of the term and territorial disappeared, swallowed up by the huge war effort, bravely doggedly Winston Churchill imposed on his people. But finance English mistress of the great e global trade finance close association with the North American remains intact beyond the difficulties of the pound sterling.The American Empire has established the world has always thwarted in his efforts by the distortions between one large multinational companies and the federal government of the United States. Financiers of Wall Street and the military! Pentagon makes the world order in which America will be "the architect of the very different performances. The client is not really the American people nor the national oligarchy within the meaning of the great dynasties powerful q persist over several generations.Beyond England, beyond America, the colossal weight of the Anglo-Saxon world is essential to both peoples whose u humorist wrote a common language between them. The famous "special relationship" between them are perceived in Europe as a form of dependency of Great Britain vis-à-vis its former colony. In the USA they are sometimes denounced as a result of inverse scheme. Many Americans, especially those who do not belong to the dominant layer "White Anglo Saxon Protestants" denounce maintaining relations with England. Moreover, Roosevelt, in the interviews revealed later by his son Eliott was indignant repeatedly claim to it with its chain of imperialist interests in the world and its tortuous intrigues in Europe.interpretations. We think it was especially true spokesman of a current which exceeds the global.YALTA AND THE BIRTH OF BLOCKSThe Geopolitics of Yalta, the geopolitical development of which is affirmed in UN tended to both reconciliation Anglo-Saxon world to organize and articulation of the five spheres according to the following scheme:1. The American sphere remains militarily more powerful.2. The British sphere, linked to it by a special agreement, weaves space financier maritime-oriented world.3. Eurafrican sphere, politically dependent of the previous two, organizes political or military power without a huge reservoir of economic wealth.4. The Soviet sphere mistress of a space delimited and circumscribed experience developing central planning with the support profitable multinationals.5. Asian sphere counteracts the previous holding constant links with the Anglo-Saxon world.These are almost invariant across the most significant events, takeover by Mao Tse-tung, decolonization, conflict in the Middle East, etc. ... Kriegspiel global data set by the Yalta Conference. From this point of view, it seems foolhardy enough to claim that the Soviet Union became thus the terrible enemy of the peoples of the world, threatening ogre that is portrayed and which Tom Thumb Roosevelt would naively dropped prey considerable.If we add that represent, for example, three countries that immediately after the war made back the American sphere, such as Turkey, Brazil and Argentina, you realize they represent a largely larger and richer economy other than small Danubian and Balkan states in which the Russians began hand. Especially as in most of the Central European states' interests agribusiness companies, oil or industrial American were absolutely insignificant.But if Roosevelt himself never really wanted to countersign this barter merchant straps for which his successor Truman was the obvious choice, it is clear that in its wake the thing was big enough benefit to U.S. interests for not was prepared.
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